Frustration-Aggression Theory free essay sample

But what if someone he barely knows told him â€Å"You are such a loser not to pass that exam†. In this case, his stored frustration will surely turn into aggression. Note that the frustration aggression theory does not provide explanation to all types of aggression, but it rather focuses on aggression that results from not being able to reach your goals. Moreover, we are often unable to satisfy our desires or accomplish our goals. Sometimes our ambitions exceed our abilities, or we misperceive the possibilities. But sometimes we are blocked by an external barrier that precludes gratification. This may be a traffic jam preventing us from reaching an appointment, a college rule prohibiting us from taking a particular course, an amorous neighborhood tom cat interrupting our sleep, or our race restricting professional advancement. Whatever the barrier, we are frustrated. All of us are so frustrated from time to time. Of course, not all frustrations lead to anger. We will write a custom essay sample on Frustration-Aggression Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Indeed, it is more common to accept frustration, the blockage of our wants or goals, as feedback suggesting that we adjust or alter our aims. We do this automatically, hour by hour, day by day. Frustration signals the error in the trial-and-error process by which we dialectically adjust our perspectives to external powers and potentialities. To live, to assert one-self, is to be hindered, to face difficulties, to be opposed. Besides our desires and goals, our frustrations and anger, there are two other commonplace facts of life. We sometimes desire or aim to injure or hurt others, and behave in such a manner, sometimes because of our frustrations. Again, in our subjective world, these two facts are incontestable. Our awareness of them enables us to better perceive others, to adjust our interests and interactions, and to develop predictive expectations. In the late 1930s, the commonplace enabling us to understand such behavior in certain contexts was erected into an invariant law of nature by a group of Yale psychologists (Dollard et al. 1939). First, they equated aggression with the desire to hurt or injure others. This effectively confused the various forms of aggression with one overt manifestation and confounded the bases of aiming to harm another, which may be instrumental (as in spanking a child), defensive (as in kicking an attacker), or hostile (as in spreading malicious gossip). Were one to equate love with kissing, the conceptual, cognitive confusion would be no less. Second, frustration was defined as interference with a goal response, thus keying frustration to an objective barrier or difficulty, and to manifest behavior. Interference was felt to be through punishment or goal inaccessibility, further confusing frustration as blockage with frustration as deprivation. On this conceptual base, the Yale group put forward its famous assumption (Dollard et al. , 1939: 1): This study takes as its point of departure the assumption that aggression is always a consequence of frustration. More specifically the proposition is that the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration and, contrariwise, that the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression. They further hypothesized a direct positive proportionality between the instigation to aggression and the amount of frustration. This amount depended on the strength of the drive toward a goal, the degree of interference, and the number of frustrated responses. The resulting instigation to aggression will be directed toward the perceived agent of frustration (displacement), and the act of aggression reduces instigation to aggression (catharsis). This formulation, which hardly stood up to theoretical and conceptual analysis, was operationally precise and, although it assumed internal drives, it was in the stimulus-response, behavioral tradition. It generated considerable laboratory experimentation and empirical research. More than two decades of research has shown that frustration does not invariably lead to aggression, that frustration can lead to nonaggression, that aggression can occur without frustration, that in some cultures aggression is not a typical response to frustration, that some situations (such as threat and insult) can evoke more aggression than frustration, that the injustice of frustration is more significant than frustration itself, that frustration subsumes a diverse set of conditions, and that the aggression-frustration linkage need not be innate and could be learned. What began as an exciting statement of a psychophysical law has ended with a conclusion that should have been anticipated: frustration sometimes provokes aggression; and aggression is sometimes provoked by frustration. The widespread acceptance of the frustration-aggression notion is perhaps attributable more to its simplicity than to its predictive power. In point of fact, the formula that frustration breeds aggression does not hold up well under empirical scrutiny in laboratory studies in which conditions regarded as frustrative are systematically varied. Frustration, as commonly defined, is only one, and not necessarily the most important, factor affecting the expression of aggression.

Selling Organs Should Not Be Legalized Essay Essays

Selling Organs Should Not Be Legalized Essay Essays Selling Organs Should Not Be Legalized Essay Paper Selling Organs Should Not Be Legalized Essay Paper Organ contribution affects 100s of 1000s of people and their households worldwide. At the terminal of October 2008. more than 100. 000 people were waiting for an organ in the United States entirely. Unfortunately. the figure of givers is nowhere near that figure. The development of organ organ transplant as a standard medical process denotes that there is a significant demand for variety meats than is equal to carry through the current demands ( Barber 234 ) . If the variety meats were readily available as needed. 1000s of lives could be saved each twelvemonth. However. an organ market would redefine the act of donating variety meats and would in bend diminution organ parts ( Childress 71 ) . True. many would reason that the legalisation of organ markets is both morally ethical and good for the state. For illustration. some citizens feel it is the American manner to let people be free to auction their single variety meats and do whatever they desire with their organic structures. Add itionally. many obviously declare that sale would increase the supply and non decrease the per centum of selfless contribution ( Rothman 70 ) . Finally. advocates for legalisation province that it would be a natural inducement to assist intensify the sum of contributions. To sum up. protagonists of organ selling believe that fiscal benefits might promote people to donate and should be a normal portion of a free endeavor system. Indeed. many might believe legalisation of the merchandising of variety meats is good. However. organ markets should go on to remain illegal in the United States because selling is unfair. promotes unhealthy greed. and devalues human life. Initially. selling should non be legalized because it is unfair. For case. there is a strong economic motivation for low-income households to sell their variety meats yet none for affluent people to make so. Likewise. the hazard of coercion and development. specially of hapless people. is considerable. Some insist the rich have been habitually prepared to let underprivileged persons to make similar life endangering things ( McClellan 106 ) . Another unacceptable com ponent of unfairness is the fact that affluent people can ever afford to acquire a clasp of these invaluable variety meats but the hapless can non. At one point in clip a kidney was put up for sale on the on-line auction site ‘eBay’ . The monetary value for the organ had gone up to 7 million U. S dollars by the clip eBay was notified of the state of affairs. It is sensible to believe that if sale was legalized the hapless would be capable to being to forced to sell to derive this money and merely the wealthy would be capable of affording the pricy variety meats. â€Å"We have neer accepted the notation that the poor persons should go the beginning of trim parts for the rich persons. † . says Goodman. Based on this research. under the weight of poorness. persons might hold to fall back to â€Å"cashing in† one of their expendable variety meats. In summarisation. the hapless have less of a opportunity to secure the dearly-won variety meats than the rich and the wealthy have a strong motive to coerce the hapless to sell because of their economic state of affairss. Furthermore. research shows legalisation could advance unhealthy greed on the population. To exemplify. â€Å"No longer would donors supply the ‘gift of life’ - they alternatively would donate the equivalent of the market value of the organs† ( Childress 71 ) . In add-on. all excessively frequently where money is involved. greed overwhelms all other considerations. All excessively frequently. those who stand to derive the most will plave more value on the terminal ( money or needed organ ) than the agencies ( the mutilation or decease of another human being ) . For illustration. in the instance of Chinese captives. it was reported that prisioners with premier variety meats and ready clients would acquire bumped to the forepart of the executing line. And a leery figure of prisioners were executed each twelvemonth. more than four 1000 in 1997. many of them for minor offenses. If the Torahs were changed. the greed of some really bad people would go even stronger. The impression that people might see an organ. or the money derived from sale. as a higher value than the chance of mangling or butchering another human being is absolutely upseting. The bets are high. What is being sold is in high demand. What is being bought makes a difference between life and decease. These facts entirely cause person to make whatever they can to obtain an organ. Obviously. the footing of this position is found in the old expression. ‘Money is the root of all evil’ . As a consequence. we clearly see that hard currency payments affect moral duties and all excessively frequently when money is involved. ?greed overwhelms all other considerations. Ultimately. organ selling should non be legalized because it devalues human life. In peculiar. leting the trade of variety meats would ensue in the commodification of organic structures and their parts. Similarly. trade goods would carry on us to be under the feeling that expired organic structures are simply merchandises and would finally take the manner to the devastation of societal values. Think about the enticement. If you had a comparative whose decease was inevitable. would you be enticed to halt his or her intervention early if you knew you would acquire money for the variety meats harvested? If you wouldnt travel that far. would you take a breath a suspiration of alleviation when the patient eventually died and you would pay some measures or take a dreamed-of trip? That sort of tempation can’t aid but do people bury. at least a small. that the deceasing patient is a human being. â€Å"It is a cardinal maltreatment of people so despairing that they would hold to sell a kidney or half of their sight† ( McClellan 106 ) . Commodification has the complete ability to decrease every bit good as destruct the pattern of selflessness. Therefore. purchasing and merchandising variety meats devalues human existences and turns them into merchandises. In decision. organ markets should non be legalized because it is unjust. devalues human life. and promotes unhealthy greed. Our society has enormously powerful accounts as to for what grounds the trafficking of variety meats for money should non be allowed. â€Å"We have been rather decently nauseating about the free market attack to the human organic structure. There are some things that aren’t and shouldn’t be for sale - among them an ‘extra cornea’ or ‘spare kidney’† ( O’Neill 46 ) .

Internet Sale (Consumer Law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internet Sale (Consumer Law) - Essay Example This means that in this particular situation, Mr. Sissoko will have to go after the delivery company in order to have his new strips replaces, which is a timely and costly venture for him. The reason why the law is like this is that â€Å"the decision as to whether a broad or narrow approach would be adopted, could be dictated by the degree of flexibility perceived in the meaning of s. 20. However this may be over-simplifying the task of the courts who may be concerned about the potential impact of the broad approach on the scope and function of default rules in general† (Taylor and Naidoo, 2002). Any time good are purchased by an individual, he or she will expect to have certain rights when the product is delivered. This means that they believe that the product will be delivered in a timely and efficient manner, without any damage being done to the product. This is generally taken to mean that the consumer is protected under section 14 of the SoGA, as this section makes the seller completely liable for any damage that is done before the product arrives at the consumer’s door. In these situations, the consumer will rely on the seller to get the product to him or her, without any problem. Since the seller is thought to be the business professional in these situations and, therefore, should be more knowledgeable than the consumer. Since the seller has more knowledge in these situations, the customer is automatically at a disadvantage when it comes to the legal side of this procedure, which is exactly what happened to Mr. Sissoko. The customer would not wish to take any r esponsibility for a product being damaged while in transit and consumer laws are in place to ensure that this does not happen. Where the problem lies is when a third-party delivery company takes on the job of delivering a product to a consumer. In these cases, the seller’s obligation to the customer is completely satisfied once the product is in the hands on the

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Response paper - Essay Example ese and unsatisfied people in terms of food consumption: â€Å"Americans worry more about food and derive less pleasure from eating than people in any other nation they surveyed† (Pollan par. 16). To verify if Pollan’s assertion that America has a national eating disorder is justified, one made a quick search on the global statistics for obesity, a measure of over consumption of food in terms of quantity. It was therefore revealed that despite the reported over zealousness in counting the number of calories or determining the nutritional value in every food item that Americans allegedly eat, the statistics indicated that the United States is currently the most obese country (The U.S. is the heaviest nation in the world, followed by Kuwait and Croatia). Further, in an article written by Battistoni, the author cited works of scholars such as Michael Pollan, among other food researchers who identified the rationale that links counting calories and obesity, to wit: â€Å"the dominant food production policy in the US is oriented around just one metric: producing calories as cheaply as possible. Weve gotten so good at producing calories efficiently, in fact, that our proble m is no longer that we cant afford enough food—its that the types of calories that are least expensive are the ones that are worst for us† (Battistoni par. 5). Suffice it to say that Barttistoni’s article was aptly titled â€Å"America Spends Less on Food Than Any Other Country† which provides the basic rationale that since the production of food became apparently so efficient that cost significantly declined, more Americans are able to purchase greater quantities for lesser costs, as compared to the rest of the countries around the world. And since these greater numbers of cheaper calories are mostly consumed in greater volume, then, naturally people became increasingly obese faster than any other people around the world. The study conducted by Walpole, Prieto-Merino and Edwards, the implications

The Album Close to You by the Carpenters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Album Close to You by the Carpenters - Essay Example This album landed them on their way to fame and success. Though not appreciated by critics, the album has made it to the top 200, which emphasizes the fact that they did have talent. Rolling Stone, describing Karen, comments that â€Å"Hers is a voice of fascinating contrasts, combining youth with wisdom; chilling perfection with much warmth† (Changi Airport – â€Å"Enjoy the Elegance). Jon Landau, says that Karen has "all the qualities of a good pop singer," phrasing with "subtlety and ease." On the other hand, some critics think that her voice has not got any depth and is just sort of simple. Other critics believe that Karen does not have much stage presence when she play the drums and sing along, it is not elegant enough. However, Richard’s work is well appreciated for his rhythmic tunes and, yet again, critics did not enjoy his lead in some songs. The band, consisting of this duo, is however, soaring high after the release of the title song ‘Close To Y ou,’ which rank #1 on Billboard Hot 100 and stayed on top for four weeks. In my opinion, they landed a spot in the Rolling Stone list because the album had become a hit even though the political situations were not favorable during the time. The popular demand continued to grow on wild and loud rock, whereas they featured soft and melodious music. The album showcased Karen’s wide ranged voice and also original compositions of Richard, namely, Mr. Guder, Maybe Its You and Crescent Noon. It is difficult to say that the album was a success only due to one of them. Rather, it was a joint effort and has received attention throughout the world. Though they have mixed reviews, the album has won the hearts of a lot of people. I really enjoyed the album and I am thankful for having been given this assignment as it has given me the opportunity to explore into details the depths of songs that I did not even know existed. I find all the songs very good and my personal favorite is â€Å"Maybe Its You†. The song just spoke to me, I was instantly amazed. The piano brings out all the delicacy of the song. Though the lyrics might not be much, but still â€Å"couldn’t we stay and watch the splashing rocks we throw?† (Maybe It’s You Lyrics: The Carpenters) expresses inner most feelings and emotions that are delicately touching. The first stanza itself paints a lovely picture of a couple walking down the beach. The soft music reflects the calm waves lapping up the shore. There is a really soothing feel to that song which instantly makes one feel good. Well at least to me it does. The songs range from soft to deep to haunting and lingering types. This is what makes the album so special. Its diversity has the ability to draw the audience to it and make them stay with it for long. The music world has a lot to offer, and it is a blessing to us that music from those times has been recorded. If man had not found a way to capture music, then so much would have gone to waste. Though people are not immortal, their works are. They continue to exist through the wonderful contributions they have made to this world. Saying this, I do believe that Karen remains in a lot of people’s hearts. Not to mention her partner throughout this wonderful journey, her brother Richard, whose musical arrangements and tune compilations have brought the songs to life. I really appreciate their hard work and though they did get thrown into the world of overnight fame after the release of the song ‘

The Lais Of Marie De France English Literature Essay

The Lais Of Marie De France English Literature Essay Adultery has always been seen as morally wrong. However, marriage has been seen as a sacred institution that is shared by most of the people and religions of the world. In Marie de Frances Lais, we are given insight to five adulterous affairs, six pre-marital sexual encounters, and one instance of impure thoughts. Marie de Frances writing allows readers to feel sympathy with the adulterers. Her lays are separated into two different categories. In the one category, readers feel empathy and compassion for the couple, as seen in Yonec and Lanval. In the second category, there is a combined idea of sympathy and disdain, as seen in Bisclaveret and Equitan. Marie de Frances lais focus on sex outside of marriage. However, the affairs that take place are often rewarded with children, wealth, healing, and loving marriages. In Marie de Frances first lai, Yonec tells the tale of a young woman who is kept locked away in a tower by her rich and old husband. We are told that he kept her there more than seven years (37), and that she was never allowed to come down not even for a relative, not for a friend (40). The young woman, who had no contact with anyone other than her husbands sister, began to let herself go. She lost her beauty, as a lady would (48). We begin to feel sympathetic for the young woman. Although her marriage to the man is sacred, we see the situation as cruel and unjust. When we are told that her beauty is fading, we feel a desire to see her made whole again. God, who have power over all, Please hear, please answer now my call (62-63). The young woman, although already married, prays that God will send her someone. A hawk soon appears and transforms into a knight. The affair seems acceptable to us because it is as though God has answered her prayer. The adulterous affair becomes even more acceptable in our eyes when we realize that their affair is not about only sex, but that they share a deep and tender love. The love that these lovers share brings the woman back to life. When the husband learns of the affair, he kills the knight. The woman is heartbroken until she learns that she is pregnant and will give birth to a son who Someday he will kill his and her enemy, be there avenger (102). When the son grows up and learns of his real father, he kills his stepfather. The poem concludes by saying All they once suffered for their love (158). Although the poem perhaps does not turn out the way we would like it to, we are left with a sense of happiness in the end. The next lai, Lanval, tells much of the same type of story. A distraught knight, who is frequently overlooked for his service, meets two women while wandering around. These two women bring the knight to their maiden who is waiting for him. The lady had a tender love for Lanval and has traveled very far in order to be with him. When Lanval hears this, he tells her All others for you I abandon (55). This begins their love affair. Being that they are not married and therefore should not be together so intimately, we dont see what theyre doing as wrong until much later. The lady tells Lanval that she much never tell anyone about her or she will leave him, so when he refuses Queen Guineveres advances, he is accused of being a homosexual. In order to disprove her accusations, Lanvel quickly brags about his lady and insults the queens beauty. King Author, hearing of this altercation, says that Lanval much face a trial and prove his claims. Lanval is distraught and cries out for her to come to him but she does not. As the trial nears its end, two of the womans servants appear. Lanval claims that Her serving maidsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Is better than you are, Lady Queen (106-108), is proven and shortly after this, his lover appears. The crowd feels that she is just the most beautiful girl, of all girls living in the world (137-138). In the end, Lanval and the woman end up together and we feel as if justice has been served. Even though the lovers are not married and marriage is not even suggested, we are still satisfied that the two lovers are able to be together. Unlike the first two lais, the next two belong to a different category. Bisclaveret is a lai in which an adulterous affair takes place which can only be viewed as negative. In this poem, a seemingly happy couple He loved her, she him (24), end up apart and as enemies. Every week for three days, the man disappears and the unnamed lady has no idea when he goes. The man finally reveals his dark secret of being a werewolf with his wife. Instead of remaining true to her husband and loving him, she began to look elsewhere. She refused to share his bed anymore, and in turn made herself the lover of a man who had loved her for a long time. Knowing her husbands secret, the woman now knew that all she had to do was hide his clothes for him to become forever trapped as a werewolf. This lais is unlike the other lais because we do not feel sympathy for the woman having the affair, but for the husband. The man did not have to share his secret with his wife, but he wanted to be faithful and honest. In return, the wife betrays him and begins an an adulterous affair with another man. Although the other affairs in the lais were morally wrong, the extenuating circumstances that surrounded the women and men made them more acceptable. In this story, the wronged man gains revenge. The Bisclaveret is taken in by the King and is kept there until he comes in contact with his estranged wife and her husband. Though he had not ever hurt a human, he attacks both of them and bites the nose off of his wife. The king demands that she bring him his clothes and he is transformed into a man again. As a result, the womens children are born without noses and the former husband has the greatest revenge. The adultery that takes place in this story, although the wife and lover do get married, is never looked upon approvingly. The circumstances that surrounded this story never allowed for us to feel any kind of sympathy for the woman at all. As tragic as it might have been that her husband was a werew olf, it was when she plotted maliciously against her husband that we felt nothing but disdain for her. In the final lai, Equitan is much like Bisclaveret. The King of Nauns desires his seneschals wife. She is described as beautiful in face and figure (49), and the king says that he loves her. He tells the lady For her, he is near his doom (75). He tells the woman that he wants her to be his lover, but allows her to think about it. The King offers to marry her if ever he husband were to die and there is so much love that accept the affair. However, we begin to feel contempt for the couple when the woman begins to plot the death of her husband. Her plan to kill her husband backfires when he finds out about their affair. As a result, the king dies by his own hand and his lover by her husband. Any sympathy that we might have felt for this couple disappears once ill will is plotted towards the husband Marie de France creates poems that tell stories of true love, betrayal, and adultery. She presents us with situations in which we decide for ourselves whether or not they are right or wrong. We feel sympathy and understanding for the couples in some lais, while we feel disdain and contempt in others. Sympathy arises in the situations where there are cruel and unusual circumstances, while contempt develops when mischief and evil are plotted. One moment as we read, we as readers are hoping the couples end up together, while the next moment we are hoping for revenge. In the end, Marie de Frances lais take us on a wonderful journey that is filled with many exciting highs and disastrous lows.

The Critical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant Essay -- Kant Philosophical E

The Critical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant Criticism is Kant's original achievement; it identifies him as one of the greatest thinkers of mankind and as one of the most influential authors in contemporary philosophy. But it is important to understand what Kant means by'criticism', or 'critique'. In a general sense the term refers to a general cultivation of reason 'by way of the secure path of science' (Bxxx). More particularly, its use is not negative, but positive, a fact that finds expression in the famous expression, 'I have therefore found it necessary to deny knowledge to make room for faith' (Bxxx). Correspondingly, its negative use consists in not allowing one's self to 'venture with speculative reason beyond the limits of experience' (Bxxiv). Thus, criticism removes the decisive hindrance that threatens to supplant or even destroy the 'absolutely necessary practical employment of pure reason..in which it {pure reason} inevitably goes beyond the limits of sensibility' (Bxxv). Accordingly, the critique guarantees a sec ure path for science by confining speculative reason and by giving practical reason the complete use of its rights: rights that thus far had not been recognised. Place in the History of Ideas Kant, being confronted with the two extremes of rationalism and empiricism, set for himself the task of creating a synthesis of the two. As he saw it, rationalism operates in the sphere of innate ideas, with their analytical and therefore aprioristic ideas; this necessity, however, is not based on experience and consequently does not apply to reality itself. On the other hand empiricism starts completely from experience and thus (it seems) from reality, but it arrives only at a posteriori and therefore synthetic... ... conceal, as it must do for Kant. Again the formal objects of the soul's faculties in Aquinas corresponds to Kant's forms; thus knowledge through categories is not restricted to that which is 'for Man' but opens up to that which is 'in itself'. Finally, the absoluteness of Kant's moral imperative also receives its foundation in being, and thus theory and practice are brought into harmony. Bibliography: Balterson, D. The Philosophy of Immanuel Kant Toronto, 1984 Jewson, M. Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason Rome, 1986 Kant, I. Critique of Pure Reason N.K. Smith tr London, 1929 McConnor, T. The Philosophy of the Enlightenment London, 1989 Tonderson, P. Immanuel Kant: The Critique of Of Pure Reason New York, 1987 Wallis, H. The Thought of Immanuel Kant New York, 1955 O Neill, P., SJ, Kant and Aquinas: A Comparative Study, Rome, 1967